Reproducción y revolución : conocimiento, historia y subjetividad en la reconceptualización althusseriana de la ideología

Colaborador

Catanzaro, Gisela

Extent

149 p.

Derechos

info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Formato

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Abstract

The thesis explores the problem of "reproduction" in light of the link between ideology and subject in the work of Louis Althusser. Polemizing the readings that saw anti-humanism as a conservative perspective, as well as the criticisms that tended to identify Althusserian philosophy with a theoretical and deterministic conception of knowledge and history, this thesis aims to show that Althusser does not seek to eradicate both the problem of the subject and the problem of historical transformation but, precisely, to think about them. According to our reading, the question about reproduction articulates, in Althusser, the question about history (as a class struggle) and the question about the subject and its relationship with the ideological, and at the same time requires a transformation in the dominant way of understanding the cognitive practice (as a "see"). The main objective of this work is to show that the problem of reproduction takes shape, in Althusser's philosophy, in a specific articulation between Marxist theory of class struggle and Freudian theory of the unconscious, and that this articulation between Marx and Freud-Lacan produced by Althusser requires thinking about the ideological conditions of reproduction under two fundamental theses, namely: 1) the primacy of class struggle over the classes themselves and its effects on the materiality of ideology (theorized in the concept of the "ideological state apparatuses"); 2) the primacy of the unconscious over consciousness in the conceptualization of the ideological interpellation mechanism. This articulation allows us to argue, on the one hand, that the question of political transformation is central to Althusser's philosophy, and, on the other hand, to problematize both the humanist-psychologist reduction of the subject to consciousness (to the self), as well as the structuralist reduction that turns the subject into a mere passive effect of the structure.

Regarding the concrete structure of my exposition, the first chapter addresses Althusser's critique of the idealistic categories of Subject, Origin and End in order to think about the relationship between philosophy, science and ideology. It is the problem of the "epistemological rupture". This detour around the problem of knowledge aims to show that the reflection on the "change of terrain" operated by Marx in his critique of political economy depends on a philosophical reading operation that is unthinkable regardless of the intervention of a subject that, based on a dialogue with Lacanian psychoanalysis, it can no longer be thought of either as a “constituent subject” or as a mere result of structural processes.

In the second chapter we stop at the way in which Althusser exposes the counterpoint between the Marxist theory of history and the humanist-idealist ideologies of history. The analysis of Marx's break with his "previous philosophical consciousness" (Feuerbach, Hegel) and with classical economics (Smith, Ricardo), which we will approach from an exposition of the central concepts of Althusserian thought ("process without subject or end”, “class struggle”, “overdetermination”), will allow us to show that the question of reproduction depends, in Althusser's argument, on a redefinition of the classical notions of causality and temporality. Here the concept of "overdetermination" is mobilized by Althusser to challenge the structuralist dualism between structure and history, in a theoretical movement that opens the possibility of thinking about the political subject of transformation beyond the opposition between structuralism (the subject as an effect structure) and humanistic subjectivism (the subject as self-determination).

Finally, in the third chapter we analyze the Althusserian theory of ideology in two steps in order to think about both its link with the Freudo-Lacanian theory of the unconscious (in the concepts of "interpellation", "subject effect", "timelessness", “Unconscious”), such as its relationship with the Marxist problem of the reproductionrevolution of the relations of production (in the theory of the “ideological state apparatuses”). Althusser's articulation with Lacan is extremely productive insofar as it allows us to think of a concept of the subject (split, off-center) that cannot be assimilated either to a passive effect of the structure or to a transcendent instance "beyond" the "interpellation". In this sense, the detour through all these dimensions of Althusserian thought is at the service, in our exposition, of refuting the supposed absence of a reflection on politics and the subject in Althusserian thought.

Table Of Contents

INTRODUCCIÓN
1. La problemática teórica antihumanista: el problema de la reproduccióntransformación
2. Subversión del sujeto: Althusser y Lacan, una alianza teórica
3. Partitio

CAPÍTULO I
MARX Y FREUD, UNA TEORÍA MATERIALISTA DE LA LECTURA Y DEL CONOCIMIENTO
1.1: El objeto de El Capital
1.2: El conocimiento como proceso y corte continuado: filosofía, ciencia e ideología en la problemática althusseriana
1.3: Spinoza, Hegel y Marx: la dialéctica en cuestión
1.4: La ciencia es ciencia de la ideología

CAPÍTULO II
LA QUERELLA DEL HUMANISMO. LA HISTORIA Y LOS FINES DEL HOMBRE
2.1: Hay más de un Marx: historia y sujeto en el pensamiento de Marx
2.2: Primacía de la lucha de clases sobre las clases: la historia como proceso sin Sujeto ni Fin(es)
2.3: No hay producción sin reproducción: crítica de las concepciones economicistas y neoanarquistas de la sociedad y la historia
2.4: Sobre la relación Hegel-Marx: el problema del vínculo entre causalidad y temporalidad
2.5: La dialéctica materialista "en acción": contradicción, sobredeterminación y temporalidad plural

CAPÍTULO III
UNA CONCEPCIÓN PRODUCTIVA DE LA IDEOLOGÍA: IDEOLOGÍA Y SUJETO EN ALTHUSSER
3.1: Marx y la ideología: alienación y fin de la ideología
3.2: La ideología como proceso de sujeción y subjetivación: la escena de la interpelación
3.3: Althusser y el psicoanálisis: Freud y Lacan
3.4: El carácter productivo de la Ley: identificación y separación en el proceso de devenir sujeto
3.5: Reproducción y Revolución: la lucha de clases y sus efectos en la materialidad de
los aparatos ideológicos del Estado

PALABRAS FINALES
BIBLIOGRAFÍA

Título obtenido

Magister de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en Teoría Política y Social

Institución otorgante

Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales

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