Cr贸nicas de un (des)ordenamiento territorial : disputas por el territorio, modelos de desarrollo y mercantilizaci贸n de la naturaleza en el este salte帽o

Colaborador

Trinchero, H茅ctor Hugo
Petz, Ivanna Lys

Spatial Coverage

Temporal Coverage

脷ltimas d茅cadas del siglo XX-comienzos del XXI

Idioma

spa

Extent

390 p.

Derechos

info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Atribuci贸n-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.0 Gen茅rica (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

Formato

application/pdf

Cobertura

1001514
Salta (province)
Siglo XX-Siglo XXI

Abstract

This research -entitled 鈥淐hronicles of a Territorial (Dis)Ordering. Disputes over Territory, Models of Development and Commodification of Nature in the East of Salta鈥- deals with the various ways of 鈥渙rdering the territory鈥, the different models of development, and the differential forms of appropriating and appraising nature that come into tension during the process of demanding, developing, formulating and implementing policies on Territory Ordering of Native Forests (OTBN, Spanish acronym) in the framework of the expansion of agricultural frontiers of the last decades of the 20th century and the early 21st century.

Transformations in production and land occurred in the Latin American and Argentinean countryside since the late 20th century have stirred up ever-growing disputes about the environment and the use and exploitation of 鈥渘atural resources鈥. In particular, a specific territory not unaffected by this process was studied: the east of the Province of Salta, an area historically inhabited by indigenous peoples and small criollo farmers, which in the last decades has became attractive for setting up projects of regional infrastructure and for agricultural and hydrocarbon investments. Therefore, the east of Salta is a geographic area of high geopolitical and economic importance, in which different processes converge: the expansion of agricultural frontiers, hydrocarbon exploitation and historical conflicts over ownership of the land, among others.

In 2007, the 鈥淢inimum Budget for Environmental Protection of Native Forests Act鈥, National Law No. 26,331, was enacted, prescribing to each province a maximum term of one year to draft their own OTBN policies. Debates over the 鈥淔orests Act鈥 took Salta as a 鈥減aradigm case鈥: never before had deforestation reached such a level over land historically inhabited by indigenous peoples and criollo farmers. In early 2008, the government of Salta launched its OTBN plan, engaging the community in a participatory process to decide the use and destination of the over 8,000,000 ha of native forest in the province. In December 2008, the 鈥淭erritory Ordering of Native Forests in the Province of Salta Act鈥, Provincial Law No. 7,543, was enacted. Thus, Salta became one of the first provinces to comply with the National Act, bringing about the promise of putting an end to the moratorium on land clearance, as well as of the arrival of national funds to compensate for preserved territories.

The territory of Salta is subject to multiple and changing interests. In this framework, a research meant to enquire into projects involving territory in tension, through the analysis of the strategies of appropriation and appraisal of territory pursued by the different actors involved, becomes important. In particular, this research aims to contribute to the problematization and hierarchization of the spatial dimension within the sociological analysis, furthering the examination of the meanings assigned to the territory and the population involved. Likewise, this research is fed by the most important debates over development as a synonym of a process of unambiguous progress and modernization, and over what its succeeding adjectivations entail. In addition, we resort to political ecology and to the epistemological and theoretical perspectives of the project modernity/coloniality to shed light on the processes of commodification and colonization of nature. Also, this research is supported by contributions derived from economic anthropology, and rural and environmental sociology, among others.

Some of the questions that guided this research are: Who are the social actors involved in the process of demanding, developing, formulating and implementing OTBN policies? Which territory projects were proposed by the different actors for the east of Salta and its population in the context of OTBN policies? What does 鈥渙rdering鈥 the territory in the east of Salta entail? The different ways of understanding the territory, do they give birth to different proposals regarding ordering? Why, with what purpose, how and for whom should the territory by organized? Which imaginaries about indigenous and criollo territories are currently in place, taking into consideration the agricultural borders gaining ground over their 鈥渦nproductive鈥 lands? Being the east of Salta the archetypal scenario in which indigenous peoples and criollos of the province live out their lives (generally associated with an idea of marginalization, backwardness and subsistence), which meanings entered into conflict with one another when that territory became a focus of economical interests? Which models of development are being fostered (explicitly or implicitly) by the different actors in the east of Salta? Which potentials, limits and challenges stem from the adoption of OTBN policies in the context of Salta?

In sum, Salta鈥焥 OTBN is a policy of very recent development and adoption and, due to its own features and to the complexity of the actors involved in its definition, it has brought about a great variety and amount of documents, reports and other informative materials, and therefore made it possible to gain direct access to a multiplicity of sources and informants. Said resources make it feasible to analyze the complexity of the multiple actors involved in the definition of which lands are to be used for agriculture in the east of the Province of Salta, breaking down the different meanings associated with a same territory and with the models of development and differential forms of appropriation and appreciation of nature brought into play, explicitly or implicitly, in this context.

Since this area is currently of major relevance, due to the fact that territory and environment are in conflict with extractive operations gaining ground over nature (not only in Argentina but also in a regional context), and having this geographical area boosted academic writings as well as diverse and contradictory interventions, both public and private, the research hereby proposed becomes appropriate and necessary.

Table Of Contents

RESUMEN
ABSTRACT
DEDICATORIA
AGRADECIMIENTOS
LISTA DE FOTOS
LISTA DE MAPAS
LISTA DE GR脕FICOS
LISTA DE CUADROS
LISTA DE SIGLAS

CAP脥TULO 1. ITINERARIOS PERSONALES, GEOGR脕FICOS, METODOL脫GICOS Y CONCEPTUALES
1.1 DE LA INVESTIGACI脫N QUE SUSTENTA ESTA TESIS
1.2 ACERCA DE C脫MO LLEGU脡 AL ESTE SALTE脩O
1.3 CONSTRUCCI脫N DEL PROBLEMA -DEL (DES)ORDENAMIENTO AL ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL- Y COORDENADAS ESPACIO-TEMPORALES DE INTER脡S
1.4 SOBRE LAS DECISIONES METODOL脫GICAS, EL TRABAJO DE CAMPO Y EL AN脕LISIS CONCEPTUAL
1.5 PRINCIPALES ANTECEDENTES EMP脥RICOS EN TORNO AL PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACI脫N
1.6 ORGANIZACI脫N Y ESTRUCTURA DE LA TESIS

CAP脥TULO 2. TERRITORIO(S), DESARROLLO (IN)SUSTENTABLE Y NATURALEZA COLONIZADA, MERCANTILIZADA Y AMBIENTALIZADA
2.1 TERRITORIOS Y RELACIONES DE PODER
DIMENSI脫N ESPACIAL Y AN脕LISIS SOCIAL: DEL ESPACIO COMO ESCENARIO A LA REALIZACI脫N ESPACIAL DE LAS CONTRADICCIONES SOCIO-POL脥TICAS
EL TERRITORIO COMO ESPACIO DE LA DOMINACI脫N ESTATAL
MULTIPLICIDAD DE TERRITORIOS Y TERRITORIALIDADES: DE TERRITORIOS HEGEM脫NICOS Y TERRITORIOS SUBALTERN(IZAD)OS
2.2 EL DESARROLLO COMO INVENCI脫N MODERNA (COLONIAL)
EL DESARROLLO COMO SIN脫NIMO DE PROGRESO LINEAL
EL DESARROLLO ADJETIVADO
TERRITORIOS DEL DESARROLLO, DESARROLLO DEL TERRITORIO
2.3 LA NATURALEZA COLONIZADA, MERCANTILIZADA Y AMBIENTALIZADA
LA NATURALEZA COMO RECURSO (TIERRA) PARA SER DOMINADO Y EXPLOTADO
EL LUGAR (COLONIAL) DE LA NATURALEZA EN EL CAPITALISMO: DE LA VIOLENCIA ORIGINARIA AL DESPOJO CONTINUADO
AMBIENTALIZACI脫N DE LA NATURALEZA, CONFLICTOS DE DISTRIBUCI脫N ECOL脫GICA Y LENGUAJES DE VALORACI脫N
2.4 RECAPITULACI脫N CONCEPTUAL Y ANTICIPACIONES HIPOT脡TICAS: DISPUTAS POR EL TERRITORIO, MODELOS DE DESARROLLO Y MERCANTILIZACI脫N DE LA NATURALEZA

CAP脥TULO 3. DE TERRITORIOS Y POBLACIONES EN EL ESTE SALTE脩O: UN ABORDAJE HIST脫RICO DE IMAGINARIOS VIGENTES
3.1 EL GRAN CHACO COMO 鈥淭ERRITORIO IND脥GENA鈥 EN TIEMPOS COLONIALES
CHACO IND脫MITO, EX脫TICO E INFIEL
CHACO FRONTERIZO
3.2 PROCESO DE CONSTRUCCI脫N DE LA TERRITORIALIDAD ESTATAL EN LAS FRONTERAS (DE LA NACI脫N Y DE LA RAZ脫N)
IMAGINANDO COMUNIDADES TERRITORIAL Y CULTURALMENTE HOMOG脡NEAS: UN ESTADO, UNA NACI脫N, UNA CULTURA, UN TERRITORIO
INVENCI脫N DE LA COMUNIDAD IMAGINADA SALTE脩A
LA CONQUISTA (MILITAR Y ESPIRITUAL) DEL 鈥淒ESIERTO VERDE鈥
3.3 L脫GICAS DE ACUMULACI脫N EN TERRITORIOS DE FRONTERA
TENDIDO FERROVIARIO, COLONIZACI脫N CRIOLLA Y GANADER脥A
INGENIOS AZUCAREROS Y MANO DE OBRA IND脥GENA
EXPLOTACI脫N FORESTAL Y PETR脫LEO EN EL NORTE SALTE脩O
DESINCORPORACI脫N IND脥GENA EN LOS INGENIOS Y NUEVOS EMPRENDIMIENTOS PRODUCTIVOS
3.4 A MODO DE RESUMEN: IMAGINARIOS TERRITORIALES Y POBLACIONALES EN UNA FORMACI脫N SOCIAL DE FRONTERAS

CAP脥TULO 4. EL (DES)ORDEN PREVIO AL ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL DE BOSQUES NATIVOS EN LA PROVINCIA DE SALTA
4.1 TRANSFORMACIONES TERRITORIALES EN EL AGRO ARGENTINO DESDE FINES DE SIGLO XX
AGRICULTURIZACI脫N Y SOJIZACI脫N
CAMBIOS EN LA ESTRUCTURA AGRARIA Y AVANCE DE LOS DESMONTES
4.2 AVANCE DE LA FRONTERA AGROPECUARIA (驴CIVILIZATORIA?) EN EL ESTE SALTE脩O: DE 鈥淒ESIERTO VERDE鈥 A DESIERTO VERDE
PAMPEANIZACI脫N DEL CHACO O LA NUEVA PAMPA H脷MEDA
EVOLUCI脫N DE LAS HABILITACIONES PRODUCTIVAS (DESMONTES) Y LOS APROVECHAMIENTOS FORESTALES (TALA)
LA FRONTERA HIDROCARBUR脥FERA TAMBI脡N AVANZA
PROYECTOS DE INFRAESTRUCTURA E INTEGRACI脫N REGIONAL
LA VALORIZACI脫N DEL CAPITAL Y SUS IMPACTOS SOCIO-ECON脫MICOS: MIGRACIONES Y MERCADO LABORAL
4.3 EL CONFLICTO POR LA TIERRA EN LOS ALBORES DEL SIGLO XXI
EXTRANJERIZACI脫N, CONCENTRACI脫N Y TENENCIA PRECARIA
CONFLICTOS POR LA TIERRA QUE AFECTAN A IND脥GENAS Y CRIOLLOS
LOTES FISCALES 55 Y 14
SALTA FORESTAL
CASO PIZARRO: LA RESERVA 鈥淒E PAPEL鈥
4.4 PALABRAS DE CIERRE

CAP脥TULO 5. CR脫NICAS DE UN (DES)ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL ANUNCIADO
5.1 EL ESTADO NACIONAL ORDENA A LAS PROVINCIAS EL ORDENAMIENTO DE SUS TERRITORIOS
鈥淣OS COMIMOS EL 75% DE LOS BOSQUES鈥
UNA 鈥淩EACCI脫N DIRECTA A SALTA鈥
鈥淣O PODES MIRAR LA REALIDAD CON UNA LEY CONCEBIDA EN LA 9 DE JULIO鈥
鈥淯N MILL脫N DE VOTOS POR LA LEY DE BOSQUES鈥: SALI脫 鈥淯N HIBRIDO鈥, 鈥淯N ENGENDRO鈥, 鈥淯N PARCHE鈥
鈥淯NA BICICLETA AMBIENTAL鈥
5.2 PROCESO PARTICIPATIVO Y SANCI脫N DE LA LEY DE ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL DE BOSQUES NATIVOS: 鈥溌縌U脡 GARANTIZA QUE LO QUE SALGA SEA LO QUE LUEGO TERMINE SIENDO?鈥
鈥淪E ACAB脫 EL FESTIVAL IRRESPONSABLE DE AUTORIZACIONES DE DESMONTES鈥
鈥淪I YO LE PREGUNTO A UN ANALFABETO QU脡 OPINA DE TAL COSA, YA S脡 DE ANTEMANO LA RESPUESTA鈥
鈥淓L INCRE脥BLE HULK鈥
鈥淟A LEY DA PARA CUALQUIER COSA鈥
5.3 INTERVENCI脫N DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA DE LA NACI脫N Y ZONIFICACI脫N (PROVISORIA) DE LOS BOSQUES NATIVOS: 鈥淓SPERANZA FRUSTRADA Y REALIDAD DEL ATRASO鈥
鈥淪E COMPLICA M脕S LA COSA鈥
ALUD (鈥淏INGO鈥), REGLAMENTACI脫N DE LA 鈥淟EY DE BOSQUES鈥 (鈥淯NA VICTORIA DE LA GENTE鈥) Y AUDIENCIA P脷BLICA (鈥淓L FEDERALISMO LLEVADO AL EXTREMO DE LA IMPUNIDAD鈥)
鈥淪I FUERA LORENZETTI, DIGO 鈥濫N SALTA NO SE TOCA M脕S NADA鈥熲
鈥淯NA COSA ES ORDENAR Y OTRA COSA ES PARALIZAR, Y AC脕 HAN PARALIZADO鈥
5.4 A MODO DE S脥NTESIS

CAP脥TULO 6. PROYECTOS TERRITORIALES, PUEBLOS ORIGINARIOS Y RECURSOS (NATURALES Y ECON脫MICOS) EN DISPUTA
6.1 ORDENADORES Y ORDENADOS
鈥溍塕AMOS LOS MALOS DE LA PEL脥CULA鈥
鈥淧AP脕, DEJ脕 DE CORTAR 脕RBOLES鈥
鈥淓L ESTADO Y LAS EMPRESAS SIEMPRE VAN DE LA MANO EN SALTA鈥
鈥淢脕S ANTIPRODUCTIVISTAS QUE AMBIENTALISTAS鈥
鈥淎LG脷N D脥A DEJAREMOS DE DECIR CAMPESINO-IND脥GENA, ESTAMOS EN LA MISMA鈥
6.2 PUEBLOS IND脥GENAS AL CENTRO DE LA ESCENA: 驴GUARDIANES DE LA NATURALEZA O DEPREDADORES POR NATURALEZA?
EMERGENCIA DE REIVINDICACIONES TERRITORIALES IND脥GENAS
INTERCULTURALIDAD A LA SALTE脩A
PUEBLOS IND脥GENAS Y ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL DE BOSQUES NATIVOS: ENTRE LA CONSERVACI脫N Y LA DEPREDACI脫N.
PUEBLOS IND脥GENAS Y ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL DE BOSQUES NATIVOS: DE SUJETOS A OBJETOS
6.3 CUESTIONES 鈥淒E FONDO鈥: DE C脫MO LA PROTECCI脫N DE LOS 鈥淩ECURSOS NATURALES鈥 SE VOLVI脫 UNA DISPUTA POR LOS 鈥淩ECURSOS FEDERALES鈥
鈥淓L ESTADO NO PUEDE HACER MEDIOAMBIENTE CON TU BOLSILLO PARTICULAR鈥: 鈥淪IN FONDO, NO HAY PRESERVACI脫N鈥
鈥溌緾U脕NTO EST脕S DISPUESTA A PONER DE TU BOLSILLO PARA PROTEGER A LOS BOSQUES NATIVOS? 驴CU脕NTO QUEREMOS PAGAR? 驴QU脡 QUEREMOS PROTEGER? 驴CU脕NTO EST脕 DISPUESTA A PAGAR LA NACI脫N POR LA PROTECCI脫N DE LOS BOSQUES NATIVOS?鈥
鈥淪E DESVIRT脷A EL OBJETIVO DE ESTOS FONDOS鈥
6.4 REFLEXIONES 脷LTIMAS

CAP脥TULO 7. A MODO DE CONCLUSIONES PROVISIONALES: ACERCA DE LOS POSIBLES RE-(DES)ORDENAMIENTOS TERRITORIALES
7.1 ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL DE BOSQUES NATIVOS EN SALTA: PERSPECTIVAS A FUTURO
鈥淓L PROBLEMA DEL AMARILLO SOCIAL鈥
鈥淔LEXIBILIZAR EL AMARILLO鈥 O 鈥淎LG脷N D脥A LO VAN A HACER VERDE鈥
鈥淪E LEVANTA EL AMPARO Y NO S脡 LO QUE PUEDE PASAR鈥
鈥淎C脕 NO HAY ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL QUE VALGA鈥
7.2 PALABRAS FINALES

REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGR脕FICAS
BIBLIOGRAF脥A CITADA Y CONSULTADA
OTRAS FUENTES Y DOCUMENTOS CONSULTADOS
ORGANISMOS INTERNACIONALES, REGIONALES, NACIONALES Y PROVINCIALES
ORGANIZACIONES Y FUNDACIONES

ANEXOS
CAP脥TULO 1
CAP脥TULO 3
CAP脥TULO 4
CAP脥TULO 5
CAP脥TULO 6
CAP脥TULO 7

T铆tulo obtenido

Doctora de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en Ciencias Sociales

Instituci贸n otorgante

Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales

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