Autor/es
Descripción
ver mas
Colaborador
Narvaja de Arnoux, Elvira
Materias
Spatial Coverage
Temporal Coverage
1945-1955
Idioma
spa
Extent
393 p.
Derechos
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.0 Genérica (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
Formato
application/pdf
Identificador
Cobertura
ARG
1945-1955
Abstract
Even though popular participation is of fundamental importance in Argentine history since its origins, its protagonism has often been either denied, relativized or ignored. In this doctoral thesis, we study popular discourse in a singular mode of political communication: the massive dialogical interaction between leaders and their followers. Within this ritual, processes of encounter and identification take place, crucial decisions are made, actions are articulated, meanings are negotiated, a community of practices is established, and the leadership of both Juan Domingo Perón and Eva Duarte de Perón are constituted and consecrated. From the analysis of these dialogues, we characterize the diversity of meanings expressed by the multitudes that actively participate in these interactions with the leaders, as collective subjects that emerge with their own voice, capable to fight for their turn, impose themes, make them change position, and also demand answers and take over the square and the center of the city which were alien to them. The corpus of this research is formed by massive interactions produced at critical moments in the years between 1945 and 1955. Two of them, the one from October 17, 1945 and the Cabildo Abierto del Justicialismo of August 22, 1951, exhibit the power and the decision of the multitudes that dialogue, with Perón, in the first case, and with Evita, in the second, in an extraordinary way. Unlike other popular mobilizations expressing needs and demands, where fulfillment is displaced to the future, in these two opportunities the protesters remain in the square and on the street for an indefinite period until they reach their goal (Perón’s liberation and the acceptance of the candidacy of Eva Perón to the vice-presidency). We examine the Argentine workers’ heretical social potential (James, 1990), the constitutive rebellion of the Peronists, their insolent, daring and obstinate character, the rupture of the "deference" (Joyce, 1980) that Peronism produces in all orders of social life, the rearticulation of the Argentine cultural configuration on which the "founding insubordination" is consolidated (Gullo, 2015).
We study what we have called "the dispositive of the square", that is, the dialogical relationship established between an individual voice and collective voices (inaugurated on October 17, 1945) in the privileged setting of the Plaza de Mayo (but not exclusively there). The square constitutes a public space with free access shared by the interlocutors (Perón, Eva Perón and their supporters), who are located in clearly differentiated areas: the leaders above, on the balcony of the Casa Rosada, their supporters below, in the square. In this shared space, they look, see and talk to each other, they exchange objects, and sometimes, they even touch each other. In mass interactions, such as the ones we analyze here, the rules about who speaks and when differ from the dialogues, trialogues or polylogues between small groups. It is the leaders who manage the floor; but the crowds also make themselves heard (and not only with applause and cheers). We study popular expressions in different discursive genres and observe how, through them, subjects position themselves and define ways of relating to leaders and adversaries. We analyze individual and collective shouting, chants and slogans, banners, posters and flags, objects and instruments carried by them (effigies and puppets, drums and whistles), the gestures and clothing with which they attend these meetings and the way in which different groups are positioned in the public space. With this research, we show the peculiarity of the dialogue between Perón, Evita and his followers that produces discourses from multiple voices. They are not simply alternate statements, as in most of these types of mass interactions. It is a discursive co-construction, a co-enunciation, and this is a distinctive feature of Peronist discourse.
We approach the corpus from the perspective of the enunciation theory, Eliseo Verón’s social discourses theory (in general and particularly his conception of political discourse, 1980, 1987b, 1997, 2004) and theoretical-methodological instruments for the analysis of discourses developed by Elvira Narvaja de Arnoux, 1980, 1987b, 1997, 2004) e instrumentos teórico-metodológicos para el análisis de discursos desarrollados por Elvira Narvaja de Arnoux (2004, 2006, 2008, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019), specifically her production around the discursive matrices and orientations to link modes of enunciation and social places. For the study of verbal interactions, we work with the analytical instruments developed by Lars Fant (1996) and Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1987, 1996). The concepts of dialogism and chronotope by Mikhail Bakhtin (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979) guide our work and studies on the carnival, the carnivalesque perception of the world and the seriocomic genres are at the basis of our interpretations of the days of October 1945. Carlo Ginzburg’s indicial paradigm (1986) and Luisa Passerini's approach to the oral testimonies of the Turin workers (1987) fit our analysis of the multiple expressions of Peron and Eva Perón's interlocutors. Alejandro Grimson’s concept of cultural configuration (2011) and Marcelo Gullo’s theory of the founding insubordination (2015) are fruitful to account for the complex, dynamic and productive relationship between the Peronist leaders and their followers and Peronism and Argentina. The analysis of the Peronist discourse developed by Ernesto Laclau (1977), Emilio De Ipola (1983), Silvia Sigal and Eliseo Verón (1988) and Silvia Sigal (2008) constitute unavoidable precedents for this work.
We study what we have called "the dispositive of the square", that is, the dialogical relationship established between an individual voice and collective voices (inaugurated on October 17, 1945) in the privileged setting of the Plaza de Mayo (but not exclusively there). The square constitutes a public space with free access shared by the interlocutors (Perón, Eva Perón and their supporters), who are located in clearly differentiated areas: the leaders above, on the balcony of the Casa Rosada, their supporters below, in the square. In this shared space, they look, see and talk to each other, they exchange objects, and sometimes, they even touch each other. In mass interactions, such as the ones we analyze here, the rules about who speaks and when differ from the dialogues, trialogues or polylogues between small groups. It is the leaders who manage the floor; but the crowds also make themselves heard (and not only with applause and cheers). We study popular expressions in different discursive genres and observe how, through them, subjects position themselves and define ways of relating to leaders and adversaries. We analyze individual and collective shouting, chants and slogans, banners, posters and flags, objects and instruments carried by them (effigies and puppets, drums and whistles), the gestures and clothing with which they attend these meetings and the way in which different groups are positioned in the public space. With this research, we show the peculiarity of the dialogue between Perón, Evita and his followers that produces discourses from multiple voices. They are not simply alternate statements, as in most of these types of mass interactions. It is a discursive co-construction, a co-enunciation, and this is a distinctive feature of Peronist discourse.
We approach the corpus from the perspective of the enunciation theory, Eliseo Verón’s social discourses theory (in general and particularly his conception of political discourse, 1980, 1987b, 1997, 2004) and theoretical-methodological instruments for the analysis of discourses developed by Elvira Narvaja de Arnoux, 1980, 1987b, 1997, 2004) e instrumentos teórico-metodológicos para el análisis de discursos desarrollados por Elvira Narvaja de Arnoux (2004, 2006, 2008, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019), specifically her production around the discursive matrices and orientations to link modes of enunciation and social places. For the study of verbal interactions, we work with the analytical instruments developed by Lars Fant (1996) and Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1987, 1996). The concepts of dialogism and chronotope by Mikhail Bakhtin (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979) guide our work and studies on the carnival, the carnivalesque perception of the world and the seriocomic genres are at the basis of our interpretations of the days of October 1945. Carlo Ginzburg’s indicial paradigm (1986) and Luisa Passerini's approach to the oral testimonies of the Turin workers (1987) fit our analysis of the multiple expressions of Peron and Eva Perón's interlocutors. Alejandro Grimson’s concept of cultural configuration (2011) and Marcelo Gullo’s theory of the founding insubordination (2015) are fruitful to account for the complex, dynamic and productive relationship between the Peronist leaders and their followers and Peronism and Argentina. The analysis of the Peronist discourse developed by Ernesto Laclau (1977), Emilio De Ipola (1983), Silvia Sigal and Eliseo Verón (1988) and Silvia Sigal (2008) constitute unavoidable precedents for this work.
Título obtenido
Doctora de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en Ciencias Sociales
Institución otorgante
Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales