Autor/es
Descripción
ver mas
Colaborador
Longoni, Ana
Materias
Spatial Coverage
Temporal Coverage
1973-1990
Idioma
spa
Extent
254 p.
Derechos
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.0 Genérica (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
Formato
application/pdf
Identificador
Cobertura
CHL
1973-1990
Abstract
This doctoral investigation poses that the “sex change” worked as a dispositive operating during the first years of the dictatorship in different regimes of knowingbeing-able: in speeches and medical-legal practices, in the sensationalist press and in the artistic speech, marking a differential feature of the sexual-generic policies of the Chilean dictatorship with respect to other dictatorships of the region, such as the Argentinean. One of the assumptions of the thesis is that during the Chilean dictatorship, in which the State Terrorism coincided with the implementation of orthodox economic policies that laid the ground of o neoliberal governmentality, different disciplinary and medical-pornographic techniques of sexual-generic regulation lived together. That is to say, disciplinary techniques associated to the pro-creationist and familialist speech officially promoted by the dictatorship lived together with medical-pornographic techniques of sexual-generic control verifiable in the discrete medical-legal admissibility of the “sex change”.
The thesis begins analyzing the conditions that made possible that between 1973 and 1984 (year in which the first case of HIV/AIDS is discovered in the country) chirurgical interventions of “sex change” were done in public hospitals and private clinics of Santiago and Valparaiso, and civil rectifications of name and sex were negotiated. It shows that in Chile there was no specific legislation regulating the chirurgical interventions of genital modification, what makes a difference with respect to other countries of the region under military dictatorships, such as Argentina, where this practice was forbidden by law. It is explained that there existed thematic networks of physicians and lawyers, nucleated in the first instance in the Chilean Society of Anthropologic Sexology, but to which there be added medical teams of other clinics and hospitals of Santiago and Valparaiso, whose work contributed to unlock the medical diagnosis of “transsexuality” in Chile before “transsexuality” was incorporated in the international diagnostic manuals, the international classification of diseases of the World Health Organization (CIE-9) published in 1977 and in the third version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-III), published in 1980.
Then there are analyzed a series of speeches about the “sex change” that circulated between 1974 and 1977 in the regulating sensationalist press that were not censored but that acquired intensity of coverage and massive reach. It is posed that the press amplified “expert” medical and juridical speeches about the sex change that made proliferate the ways of distributing, categorizing and classifying sexuality. It is showed that the statements about “sex change” worked in the press as technologies of regulation of gender and sexuality implied in the contraposition chaos/order promoted by the Military Dictatorship for being differentiated from the Popular Unity. And it is also indicated that the press exposed transsexual women to confession technologies, exploiting their histories as informative merchandise. It is informed that the press constituted a space of negotiation between the violence that produces the representation of the subaltern and his own intervention in the imaginary.
Later the field of the Chilean antidictatorial art is approached, and it is showed that since 1975 with the appearance of the work The Clothes Rack by the artist Carlos Leppe, sexual identity began to be problematized. Using the costume, the makeup and the pose, but also chirurgical elements that remitted to the aseptic and the sterilizable, Leppe made a series of operations of feminization on his own body culturally marked as masculine, to produce an incongruence between the “natural” and “artificial” signals of the body. It is specially emphasized the analysis of the book-catalogue Correctional Body (1980) by Nelly Richard, who retakes premises of psychoanalysis by Jacques Lacan and of the semiotics by Julia Kristeva to pose that Leppe work quotes and at the same time disassembles the speech of castration and the motherly function structuring Oedipus complex (and consequently, the etiology of homosexuality proposed by the psychoanalysis on the base of a heterosexual normality). Thus, the book poses the possibility of a body in mutations that allows posing and approaching from the art to the “sex change”. Thus, it is analyzed the frontier where the statements about the “sex change” pass from a pathologizing and/or criminalizing medical-legal and media speech to be invested of a critical value by the aesthetic-political speech.
The thesis begins analyzing the conditions that made possible that between 1973 and 1984 (year in which the first case of HIV/AIDS is discovered in the country) chirurgical interventions of “sex change” were done in public hospitals and private clinics of Santiago and Valparaiso, and civil rectifications of name and sex were negotiated. It shows that in Chile there was no specific legislation regulating the chirurgical interventions of genital modification, what makes a difference with respect to other countries of the region under military dictatorships, such as Argentina, where this practice was forbidden by law. It is explained that there existed thematic networks of physicians and lawyers, nucleated in the first instance in the Chilean Society of Anthropologic Sexology, but to which there be added medical teams of other clinics and hospitals of Santiago and Valparaiso, whose work contributed to unlock the medical diagnosis of “transsexuality” in Chile before “transsexuality” was incorporated in the international diagnostic manuals, the international classification of diseases of the World Health Organization (CIE-9) published in 1977 and in the third version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-III), published in 1980.
Then there are analyzed a series of speeches about the “sex change” that circulated between 1974 and 1977 in the regulating sensationalist press that were not censored but that acquired intensity of coverage and massive reach. It is posed that the press amplified “expert” medical and juridical speeches about the sex change that made proliferate the ways of distributing, categorizing and classifying sexuality. It is showed that the statements about “sex change” worked in the press as technologies of regulation of gender and sexuality implied in the contraposition chaos/order promoted by the Military Dictatorship for being differentiated from the Popular Unity. And it is also indicated that the press exposed transsexual women to confession technologies, exploiting their histories as informative merchandise. It is informed that the press constituted a space of negotiation between the violence that produces the representation of the subaltern and his own intervention in the imaginary.
Later the field of the Chilean antidictatorial art is approached, and it is showed that since 1975 with the appearance of the work The Clothes Rack by the artist Carlos Leppe, sexual identity began to be problematized. Using the costume, the makeup and the pose, but also chirurgical elements that remitted to the aseptic and the sterilizable, Leppe made a series of operations of feminization on his own body culturally marked as masculine, to produce an incongruence between the “natural” and “artificial” signals of the body. It is specially emphasized the analysis of the book-catalogue Correctional Body (1980) by Nelly Richard, who retakes premises of psychoanalysis by Jacques Lacan and of the semiotics by Julia Kristeva to pose that Leppe work quotes and at the same time disassembles the speech of castration and the motherly function structuring Oedipus complex (and consequently, the etiology of homosexuality proposed by the psychoanalysis on the base of a heterosexual normality). Thus, the book poses the possibility of a body in mutations that allows posing and approaching from the art to the “sex change”. Thus, it is analyzed the frontier where the statements about the “sex change” pass from a pathologizing and/or criminalizing medical-legal and media speech to be invested of a critical value by the aesthetic-political speech.
Título obtenido
Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en Ciencias Sociales
Institución otorgante
Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales