Autor/es
Descripción
ver mas
Colaborador
Pérez, Pablo Ernesto
Marshall, Adriana
Materias
Spatial Coverage
Idioma
spa
Extent
261 p.
Derechos
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.0 Genérica (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
Formato
application/pdf
Identificador
Cobertura
ARG
Abstract
This thesis discusses the main approaches that explain the generation of employment in contemporary Argentina taking, as a starting point, the features of its productive structure. The central idea that guides this research is that, as the structural heterogeneity thesis postulates, the productive features of each sector –in particular the average productivity and the scale of production– are relevant aspects to explain the quality of employment. Yet, another explanatory factor needs to be considered, and it is related to the relationship established among the different companies that are part of a specific value chain. Thus, it is possible to distinguish two sets of explanatory factors: those related to the characteristics of the companies, which are highlighted by the autonomy approaches, and those that refer to the relationships among companies and/or sectors, which stress the integration approaches.
The questions that guide the research are: How are sectors and companies that offer different employment conditions interlinked? What are the elements that arise from the investigation that are relevant for the explanation of such conditions? What is the role of labor institutions in the generation and reproduction of heterogeneity? How do unions´ strategies reduce/intensify heterogeneity?
To answer these questions, this thesis uses a qualitative approach in the analysis of the petrochemical-plastic chain, in which different types of relationships are observed. This approach considers both the differences in the working conditions among the key links of this chain and the outsourcing relationships established in the petrochemical sector.
On the basis of the analysis of the relationship between the plastic and the petrochemical sectors, two different patterns of relation are established among the companies. On the one hand, we analyze the relations of direct purchase and technological cooperation between the major petrochemical and the middle firms of the plastic sector, with wage differentials in one sector and the other. On the other hand, we explore the relationship between petrochemical companies and the small plastic firms, mediated by distributors with poor working conditions (in terms of salary and the fulfillment of individual and collective labor rights) in the latter. In the small and middle firms, the autonomy approaches are useful to explain the employment differences between the petrochemical and the plastic sectors, and are articulated with and reinforce the negotiation patterns with the state and the unions.
The analysis of outsourcing in the petrochemical sector is based on a case study of two plants situated in the Petrochemical Complex Bahía Blanca. The subordination of firms in the outsourcing relationships in these plants is expressed in bidding mechanisms and conditions, which are materialized in differences in some aspects of labor quality –as the level of salaries, bonuses and other perks of non-pecuniary value– but not necessarily in labor stability, least of all in formal outsourcing. The security and health conditions are a critical aspect in this case, which is not often highlighted in other studies of outsourcing. With respect to union intervention, two procedures are identified: i. one that counteracts the labor heterogeneity which is generated by outsourcing, as a result of the unification of collective negotiation and protest; ii. another that reinforces the fragmentation of workers on the basis of agreements among labor unions.
In this way, the research highlights that the relevance of the autonomy and integration approaches is different across the same value chain. In the relationship among firms from different links in that chain, the explanation provided by the autonomy approaches is adequate, as the worst employment conditions are found in firms with low production levels, little articulation with major enterprises of the chain, difficult access to public benefits and low dynamism in their activities in the sector. In these activities, the power of union negotiation to get better working conditions is limited.
Besides, in the outsourcing relationships, the explanations provided by the integration approaches turn out to be pertinent, since there are considerable differences in the labor conditions of parent companies and outsourcing companies. These differences can be explained in the light of the terms of the business contracts established between both firms. In this case, the union policy in relation to the scope of the conventional and union membership of the outsourced workers is one of the crucial elements to understand employment heterogeneity.
The questions that guide the research are: How are sectors and companies that offer different employment conditions interlinked? What are the elements that arise from the investigation that are relevant for the explanation of such conditions? What is the role of labor institutions in the generation and reproduction of heterogeneity? How do unions´ strategies reduce/intensify heterogeneity?
To answer these questions, this thesis uses a qualitative approach in the analysis of the petrochemical-plastic chain, in which different types of relationships are observed. This approach considers both the differences in the working conditions among the key links of this chain and the outsourcing relationships established in the petrochemical sector.
On the basis of the analysis of the relationship between the plastic and the petrochemical sectors, two different patterns of relation are established among the companies. On the one hand, we analyze the relations of direct purchase and technological cooperation between the major petrochemical and the middle firms of the plastic sector, with wage differentials in one sector and the other. On the other hand, we explore the relationship between petrochemical companies and the small plastic firms, mediated by distributors with poor working conditions (in terms of salary and the fulfillment of individual and collective labor rights) in the latter. In the small and middle firms, the autonomy approaches are useful to explain the employment differences between the petrochemical and the plastic sectors, and are articulated with and reinforce the negotiation patterns with the state and the unions.
The analysis of outsourcing in the petrochemical sector is based on a case study of two plants situated in the Petrochemical Complex Bahía Blanca. The subordination of firms in the outsourcing relationships in these plants is expressed in bidding mechanisms and conditions, which are materialized in differences in some aspects of labor quality –as the level of salaries, bonuses and other perks of non-pecuniary value– but not necessarily in labor stability, least of all in formal outsourcing. The security and health conditions are a critical aspect in this case, which is not often highlighted in other studies of outsourcing. With respect to union intervention, two procedures are identified: i. one that counteracts the labor heterogeneity which is generated by outsourcing, as a result of the unification of collective negotiation and protest; ii. another that reinforces the fragmentation of workers on the basis of agreements among labor unions.
In this way, the research highlights that the relevance of the autonomy and integration approaches is different across the same value chain. In the relationship among firms from different links in that chain, the explanation provided by the autonomy approaches is adequate, as the worst employment conditions are found in firms with low production levels, little articulation with major enterprises of the chain, difficult access to public benefits and low dynamism in their activities in the sector. In these activities, the power of union negotiation to get better working conditions is limited.
Besides, in the outsourcing relationships, the explanations provided by the integration approaches turn out to be pertinent, since there are considerable differences in the labor conditions of parent companies and outsourcing companies. These differences can be explained in the light of the terms of the business contracts established between both firms. In this case, the union policy in relation to the scope of the conventional and union membership of the outsourced workers is one of the crucial elements to understand employment heterogeneity.
Título obtenido
Doctora de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en Ciencias Sociales
Institución otorgante
Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales