Autor/es
Descripción
ver mas
Colaborador
Feierstein, Daniel
D’Antonio, Débora
Materias
Spatial Coverage
Temporal Coverage
1975-1976
Idioma
spa
Extent
309 p.
Derechos
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.0 Genérica (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
Formato
application/pdf
Identificador
Cobertura
1001579
Tucumán (province)
1975-1976
Abstract
In February 1975, the constitutional president María Estela Martínez de Perón ordered the armed and security forces to annihilate the actions of "subversive elements" in Tucumán. In appearance, there was not a new process: the armed forces had long been involved in internal repression against the so-called subversion. However, the Operation Independence modified the ways in wich state violence exerted until then. The index of this novelty was the installation of Clandestine Detention Centers and the consequent systematic use of the forced disappearance of people.
The general objective of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of Operation Independence (February 1975 - March 1976) as the initial phase of the genocide perpetrated in Argentina between 1976 and 1983. The terms "initial phase" and "genocide" refer to two large political-academic discussions in which this thesis is inscribed: how to periodize the exercise of state violence and how to conceptualize it.
With regard to periodization, I intend to demonstrate that the state violence exercised during Operation Independence has the same structural characteristics as the violence deployed by the dictatorial government. This implies that the qualitative change in the repressive forms in Tucumán did not take place with the coup d'etat but with the beginning of the Operative Independence.
In chapter 1 the discussions on how to periodize the Argentine repressive process in the second half of the 20th century are covered. Then, the modes of organization of the state repressive apparatus, the regulations that regulated it, its forms of operation and the profile of the victims in the case under study (chapters 3 to 6) are reconstructed and analyzed. In relation to the debates on conceptualization, in this thesis I propose to understand Operation Independence as the initial phase of genocide. This proposition is of a different order or level of verification than the previous one. It is possible to verify whether or not the repressive modality of Operation Independence is structurally equal to that implemented by the dictatorship. But, on the other hand, if this new form of state punishment constitutes genocide, is not a proposition to be verified but an interpretation to be based.
What does this interpretation on genocide consist of? In general terms, it means calling attention not only into the ways of exercising violence and extermination but, above all, to a form of domination. The essence of genocide is not necessarily in the deaths it produces, but in what is proposed with them: transform and subdue those who remain alive.
In particular, it is argued that the genocide set out to transform the ways of being and doing in the world of the popular sectors as a whole. Chapter 2 attempts to give historical significance to these claims by tracing the class struggle in the province in the period 1955-1975.
This interpretative hypothesis has worked as a theoretical and methodological north. In one hand, it has oriented the approach of those chapters that work strictly repressive aspects deployed during the Operation Independence. In the study of the direct victims, the concentration camps or the form of deployment of the troops and repressive forces (chapters 4 to 6) the concern is always placed on the impact of these practices on the territory in which they are developed.
On the other hand, it has led me to incorporate as a part of my study object a multiplicity of measures relieved in field work that were not reduced to the use of physical violence over bodies: population censuses, circulation controls, military civic acts, sports tournaments, vaccination campaigns, repair of schools and hospitals, among others. The historical reconstruction of these measures (chapters 7 and 8) has the specific objective of identifying and characterizing the different mechanisms of power that were developed in a complementary manner and articulated with strictly repressive practices.
In this sense, the second hypothesis of this thesis is that practices developed by the Army in the south of the province identify at least three types of power mechanisms with specific characteristics and objectives: a) strictly repressive practices, b) the population control practices; and c) legitimacy construction mechanisms. These mechanisms imply the interplay of different techniques of power that are not reduced coercion. Although this had a fundamental and guiding role in the general strategy; in their multiplicity, they are articulated in a complex strategy that supposes different ways of intervention on the population with the objective of discipline and heteronomize it.
As a conclusion of this thesis, there is an analysis of the military regulations during the Operation Independence that established the general guidelines for the fight against the socalled internal enemy. This analysis shows two elements that reinforce the hypotheses held in this thesis. First: in military regulations the figure of the internal enemy functions as the axial point that articulates a series of intervention techniques than loom over the so-called enemies, but whose main target will be the whole population. Second: in the midst of Operation Independence, military regulations were renewed, and a new figure emerged - the "subversive" enemy. This configuration maintains important lines of continuity with the regulations of the previous period but, at the same time, implies important ruptures that account for the emergence of something new.
The general objective of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of Operation Independence (February 1975 - March 1976) as the initial phase of the genocide perpetrated in Argentina between 1976 and 1983. The terms "initial phase" and "genocide" refer to two large political-academic discussions in which this thesis is inscribed: how to periodize the exercise of state violence and how to conceptualize it.
With regard to periodization, I intend to demonstrate that the state violence exercised during Operation Independence has the same structural characteristics as the violence deployed by the dictatorial government. This implies that the qualitative change in the repressive forms in Tucumán did not take place with the coup d'etat but with the beginning of the Operative Independence.
In chapter 1 the discussions on how to periodize the Argentine repressive process in the second half of the 20th century are covered. Then, the modes of organization of the state repressive apparatus, the regulations that regulated it, its forms of operation and the profile of the victims in the case under study (chapters 3 to 6) are reconstructed and analyzed. In relation to the debates on conceptualization, in this thesis I propose to understand Operation Independence as the initial phase of genocide. This proposition is of a different order or level of verification than the previous one. It is possible to verify whether or not the repressive modality of Operation Independence is structurally equal to that implemented by the dictatorship. But, on the other hand, if this new form of state punishment constitutes genocide, is not a proposition to be verified but an interpretation to be based.
What does this interpretation on genocide consist of? In general terms, it means calling attention not only into the ways of exercising violence and extermination but, above all, to a form of domination. The essence of genocide is not necessarily in the deaths it produces, but in what is proposed with them: transform and subdue those who remain alive.
In particular, it is argued that the genocide set out to transform the ways of being and doing in the world of the popular sectors as a whole. Chapter 2 attempts to give historical significance to these claims by tracing the class struggle in the province in the period 1955-1975.
This interpretative hypothesis has worked as a theoretical and methodological north. In one hand, it has oriented the approach of those chapters that work strictly repressive aspects deployed during the Operation Independence. In the study of the direct victims, the concentration camps or the form of deployment of the troops and repressive forces (chapters 4 to 6) the concern is always placed on the impact of these practices on the territory in which they are developed.
On the other hand, it has led me to incorporate as a part of my study object a multiplicity of measures relieved in field work that were not reduced to the use of physical violence over bodies: population censuses, circulation controls, military civic acts, sports tournaments, vaccination campaigns, repair of schools and hospitals, among others. The historical reconstruction of these measures (chapters 7 and 8) has the specific objective of identifying and characterizing the different mechanisms of power that were developed in a complementary manner and articulated with strictly repressive practices.
In this sense, the second hypothesis of this thesis is that practices developed by the Army in the south of the province identify at least three types of power mechanisms with specific characteristics and objectives: a) strictly repressive practices, b) the population control practices; and c) legitimacy construction mechanisms. These mechanisms imply the interplay of different techniques of power that are not reduced coercion. Although this had a fundamental and guiding role in the general strategy; in their multiplicity, they are articulated in a complex strategy that supposes different ways of intervention on the population with the objective of discipline and heteronomize it.
As a conclusion of this thesis, there is an analysis of the military regulations during the Operation Independence that established the general guidelines for the fight against the socalled internal enemy. This analysis shows two elements that reinforce the hypotheses held in this thesis. First: in military regulations the figure of the internal enemy functions as the axial point that articulates a series of intervention techniques than loom over the so-called enemies, but whose main target will be the whole population. Second: in the midst of Operation Independence, military regulations were renewed, and a new figure emerged - the "subversive" enemy. This configuration maintains important lines of continuity with the regulations of the previous period but, at the same time, implies important ruptures that account for the emergence of something new.
Título obtenido
Doctora de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en Ciencias Sociales
Institución otorgante
Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales